ʻO nā mea hoʻohaumia nui i ka wai iʻa a me ko lākou hopena i nā holoholona kai

No ka iʻa, ka mālama ʻana i nā mea haumia i loko o nā loko hānai he mea koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā mea hoʻohaumia maʻamau i loko o ka wai iʻa iʻa ʻo ia nā mea nitrogenous a me nā pūhui phosphorus. Hoʻopili nā mea Nitrogenous i ka ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā pūhui Phosphorus nā phosphate reactive a me ka phosphorus organik. E ʻimi ana kēia ʻatikala i nā mea haumia mua o ka wai iʻa a me ko lākou hopena i nā holoholona kai. E nānā mua kākou i ke kiʻikuhi i maʻalahi no ka maʻalahi a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana.

Ma lalo nei e hāʻawi mākou i nā wehewehe kikoʻī.

ʻO Ammonia nitrogen kekahi o nā mea haumia nui i ka wai iʻa, hana nui ʻia mai ka decomposition o ke koena meaʻai a me nā huahana metabolic o nā holoholona iʻa i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka amonia nitrogen i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hiki ke hōʻino i nā ʻiʻo epidermal a me nā gills o nā iʻa, e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōnaehana hana enzyme biological. Hiki i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka amonia nitrogen (>1 mg/L) ke loaʻa i nā hopena ʻawaʻawa i nā holoholona iʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻawaʻawa ʻaʻole ionized ammonia, hiki ke hōʻino i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka naikokene ammonia i loko o ke kaiapuni e alakaʻi i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka excretion nitrogenous e nā mea ola wai, e hōʻemi ana i kā lākou ʻai ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa i ka ammonia, ka hopena i ka ulu maʻamau a me ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona wai. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka nitrogen ammonia i loko o ke kaiapuni i ke koena osmotic o nā holoholona aquatic, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka oxygen a me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokuʻu i nā mea ʻawaʻawa mai ko lākou kino. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi kūloko a me ka honua e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai iʻa e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka amonia nitrogen.

ʻO ka Nitrite i loko o ka iʻa he huahana waena i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka nitrification a i ʻole ka hana denitrification. Hiki iā ia ke komo i loko o ke kino ma o nā gills o nā holoholona aquaculture a hoʻemi i ka hiki o ka lawe ʻana i ka oxygen o ka hemoglobin i loko o ko lākou koko, e hoʻoulu ai i ka hypoxia a me ka make i nā holoholona wai. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka nitrite i loko o nā kino wai, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻōnaehana hana hou, hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena ʻawaʻawa nui i nā mea ola iʻa.

He haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻona o ka Nitrate i ka iʻa, no laila ʻaʻohe palena koʻikoʻi kikoʻī, akā hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻono o nā huahana iʻa. Hiki ke hoʻohua mai ka nitrous nitrogen i ka wā o ka denitrification ka mea hiki ke lilo i mea make i nā mea ola iʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā moʻolelo moʻokalaleo ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka nitrogen nitrate hiki ke alakaʻi i ka ulu lohi a me nā maʻi i loko o nā mea ola iʻa. Manaʻo maʻamau i ka wā o ka iʻa iʻa salmon, pono e mālama ʻia nā pae nitrate i loko o ka wai ma lalo o 7.9 mg/L. No laila, ma ke kaʻina hana o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai iʻa, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻololi makapō nā hoʻololi ʻokoʻa i ka nitrogen nitrate wale nō, a pono e noʻonoʻo pū i ka wehe ʻana i ka nitrogen nitrate.

ʻO ka mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai iʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ke koena meaʻai, excreta, a me nā huahana metabolic o nā mea ola iʻa. He ʻano maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka nitrogen organik i loko o ka wai aquaculture, biodegradability maikaʻi, a hiki ke hoʻohana maʻalahi ʻia e nā microorganisms, e loaʻa ai ka maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana ma o nā kaʻina hana lāʻau olaola maʻamau. Ke kiʻekiʻe ʻole ka neʻe ʻana o ka nitrogen organik i loko o ka wai, liʻiliʻi ka hopena i nā mea ola wai. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ai ka nitrogen organik i kahi nui, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā microorganism pathogenic a me ka pōʻino, e hōʻemi ana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai a hoʻoulu i nā maʻi a me ka make i nā meaola iʻa.

Hiki ke loaʻa nā phosphates ikaika i loko o nā wai wai i nā ʻano e like me PO3-4, HPO2-4, H.₂PO- 4和 H₃PO₄, me kā lākou mau pili pili (nā puunaue puʻunaue) ʻokoʻa me ka pH. Hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia e nā algae, bacteria, a me nā mea kanu. He liʻiliʻi loa ka pōʻino o ka iʻa i nā phosphate ikaika akā hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka ulu nui o nā algae a me nā bacteria i loko o ka wai, e ʻai ana i ka oxygen a e hoʻopilikia i ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa. ʻO ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā phosphates mai ka wai iʻa e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka ua kemika a me ka adsorption. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ua kemika i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hana kemika i ka wai e hana i ka phosphate precipitates ma o nā kaʻina hana kemika, a ukali ʻia e ka flocculation a me ka hoʻokaʻawale wai paʻa e wehe i nā phosphates mai ka wai. Hoʻohana ʻo Adsorption i nā adsorbents me nā wahi ākea nui a me nā pores he nui e ʻae i ka phosphorus i loko o ka wai ʻino e hoʻololi i ka ion exchange, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka paʻakikī, electrostatic adsorption, a me nā hopena o ka ua, a laila e wehe i ka phosphorus mai ka wai.

ʻO ka nui o ka phosphorus e pili ana i ka huina o ka phosphorus soluble a me ka phosphorus particulate. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia ka phosphorus soluble i loko o ka wai i ka phosphorus organic soluble a me ka phosphorus inorganic soluble, me ka soluble inorganic phosphorus i loaʻa ma ke ʻano o nā phosphates ikaika. ʻO ka phosphorus particulate e pili ana i nā ʻano phosphorus i loaʻa ma ka ʻili a i ʻole i loko o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka wai, he mea paʻakikī i nā holoholona wai ke hoʻohana pololei. Loaʻa ka phosphorus maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe i loko o nā ʻiʻo kelepona a me nā ʻōpala organik o nā ʻiʻo holoholona aquatic, aʻo ka phosphorus inorganic e hoʻopili nui ʻia i nā minerala pālolo i hoʻopaneʻe ʻia.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka hana nui loa i ka ʻiʻa ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaiapuni wai iʻa, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kumu like ʻole e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻano wai kaulike, a laila e hōʻemi i nā poho a hoʻonui i nā pono waiwai. Pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i ke kaiapuni wai e nānā ʻia ma nā ʻatikala e hiki mai ana.