njira yamakampani
Zoipitsa Zazikulu Zamadzi Zam'madzi ndi Zomwe Zimagwira Zinyama Zam'madzi
Kwa zamoyo zam'madzi, kuyang'anira zowononga m'mayiwe oweta ndikofunikira kwambiri. Zomwe zimaipitsa m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi zimaphatikizapo zinthu za nayitrogeni ndi mankhwala a phosphorous. Zinthu za nayitrogeni zimaphatikizapo ammonia nayitrogeni, nayitrogeni wa nitrite, nayitrogeni wa nayitrogeni, nayitrogeni wosungunuka, pakati pa ena. Mapangidwe a phosphorous amaphatikizapo phosphates yogwira ntchito ndi phosphorous organic. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zowononga zoyamba m'madzi a m'madzi komanso momwe zimakhudzira nyama zam'madzi. Choyamba, tiyeni tiwone chithunzi chosavuta kuti muloweze komanso kumvetsetsa bwino.
| MAINA WOIpitsa MU DZIWE LA AQUACULTURE | ZIMENE ZIMACHITIKA PA NYAMA ZA MZIMU |
| Ammonia nayitrogeni | Kuwonongeka kwa minofu yapakhungu ndi ma gill a nsomba, kuchititsa kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo la enzymatic; Zimakhudza kukula bwino ndi chitukuko cha nyama zam'madzi; Amachepetsa mphamvu ya kutengerapo kwa okosijeni mkati mwa nyama zam'madzi, kuletsa kuthamangitsidwa kwa zinthu zoopsa m'thupi. |
| Ma Nitrites | Kuchepetsa kunyamula mpweya wa hemoglobin m'magazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa hypoxic mu nyama zam'madzi. |
| Nitrates | Kuchuluka kwa nitrates kumatha kukhudza kukoma ndi mtundu wa zinthu zam'madzi. |
| Kusungunuka organic nayitrogeni | Zimayambitsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuwonongeka kwa madzi komanso kumayambitsa matenda ndi kufa kwa zamoyo zotukuka. |
| Zogwira phosphates | Zimayambitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa algae ndi mabakiteriya m'madzi, kuchepetsa mpweya ndi kuwononga kukula kwa nsomba. |
Pansipa tipereka mafotokozedwe achindunji.
Ammonia nayitrogeni ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zowononga kwambiri m'madzi am'madzi, omwe amapangidwa makamaka kuchokera pakuwola kwa chakudya chotsalira ndi zinthu za metabolic za nyama zam'madzi m'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni mu dongosolo kungawononge minofu ya epidermal ndi ma gill a nsomba, kusokoneza dongosolo la ntchito ya enzyme. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen (> 1 mg/L) kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa nyama zam'madzi, makamaka ammonia omwe sali ndi ionized ammonia, omwe amatha kuwononga kwambiri. Kuchulukitsa kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'chilengedwe kumapangitsanso kuchepa kwa nayitrogeni ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, kumachepetsa kuyamwa kwawo kwa zinthu zomwe zili ndi ammonia, zomwe zimakhudzanso kukula ndi kukula kwa nyama zam'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'chilengedwe kumatha kukhudzanso kayendedwe ka osmotic kwa nyama zam'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mpweya komanso kulephera kutulutsa zinthu zapoizoni m'matupi awo. Kafukufuku wambiri wapakhomo ndi wapadziko lonse wokhudza chithandizo chamadzi am'madzi amayang'ana kwambiri chithandizo cha ammonia nayitrogeni.
Nitrite mu aquaculture ndi chinthu chapakatikati chomwe chimapangidwa panthawi ya nitrification kapena denitrification. Zitha kulowa m'thupi kudzera m'matumbo a nyama zam'madzi ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yonyamula mpweya wa hemoglobin m'magazi awo, zomwe zimayambitsa hypoxia ndi kufa kwa nyama zam'madzi. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kudzikundikira kwa nitrite m'madzi, makamaka m'machitidwe omwe angogwiritsidwa ntchito kumene, omwe amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pazamoyo zam'madzi.
Nitrate imakhala ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono ku nsomba, chifukwa chake palibe malire enieni, koma kuchuluka kwambiri kumatha kusokoneza kukoma kwa zinthu zam'madzi. Nayitrogeni wa nayitrogeni panthawi ya denitrification amathanso kutulutsa nayitrogeni wa nayitrogeni, womwe ungakhale poizoni kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Malipoti a m'mabuku awonetsa kuti kudzikundikira kwa nayitrogeni wa nitrate kungayambitse kukula pang'onopang'ono ndi matenda mu zamoyo zam'madzi. Amakhulupirira kuti panthawi yolima nsomba zam'madzi, milingo ya nitrate m'madzi iyenera kukhala pansi pa 7.9 mg/L. Choncho, pokonza madzi a m'madzi, kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa nayitrogeni sikuyenera kusandulika mwachimbulimbuli kukhala nayitrogeni wa nitrate yekha, komanso kuyenera kuganiziridwanso pakuchotsa nayitrogeni wa nitrate.
Nayitrogeni wosungunuka m'madzi am'madzi makamaka amachokera ku chakudya chotsalira, ndowe, ndi kagayidwe kachakudya ka zamoyo zam'madzi. Nayitrogeni wosungunuka m'madzi am'madzi ali ndi mawonekedwe osavuta, owonongeka bwino, ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kukwanitsa kuchotseratu bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochiritsira zachilengedwe. Pamene kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'madzi sikuchuluka, kumakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa zamoyo zam'madzi. Komabe, nayitrogeni wa organic akachulukana kwambiri, amatha kulimbikitsa kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuwononga madzi abwino ndikuyambitsa matenda ndi kufa kwa zamoyo zam'madzi.
Ma phosphates amadzimadzi amatha kukhalapo m'njira monga PO3-4, HPO2-4, H.2PO- 4 ndi H₃PO4, ndi magawo awo achibale (magawo ogawa) amasiyana ndi pH. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ndi algae, mabakiteriya, ndi zomera. Ma phosphates omwe amagwira ntchito amakhala ndi vuto lochepa kwambiri ku nsomba koma amatha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa algae ndi mabakiteriya m'madzi, kuwononga mpweya komanso kulepheretsa kukula kwa nsomba. Kuchotsedwa kwa ma phosphates m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi makamaka kumadalira mpweya wamankhwala komanso kutsatsa. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kumaphatikizapo kuwonjezera mankhwala m'madzi kuti apange phosphate precipitates kudzera mu ndondomeko ya mpweya wa mankhwala, kutsatiridwa ndi flocculation ndi kupatukana kwamadzi olimba kuti achotse phosphates m'madzi. Adsorption imagwiritsa ntchito ma adsorbents okhala ndi malo akuluakulu komanso ma pores ambiri kulola phosphorous m'madzi oyipa kuti asinthe ma ion, kuphatikizika kwa ma electrostatic adsorption, komanso kutulutsa kwamvula, potero amachotsa phosphorous m'madzi.
Phosphorous yonse imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa phosphorous sungunuka ndi phosphorous. Phosphorous sungunuka m'madzi akhoza kugawidwanso mu sungunuka organic phosphorous ndi sungunuka organic phosphorous, ndi sungunuka organic phosphorous makamaka alipo mu mawonekedwe a yogwira phosphates. Phosphorous tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatanthawuza mawonekedwe a phosphorous omwe amapezeka pamwamba kapena mkati mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamadzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuti nyama zam'madzi zigwiritse ntchito mwachindunji. Phosphorous organic amapezeka makamaka m'ma cell ndi zinyalala za nyama zam'madzi, pomwe phosphorous yachilengedwe imakokera ku mchere wadongo womwe waimitsidwa.
Mwachidule, ntchito yofunikira kwambiri pazamoyo zam'madzi ndikuwongolera chilengedwe chamadzi am'madzi, poganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti pakhale malo abwino amadzi, potero kuchepetsa kutayika komanso kukulitsa phindu lazachuma. Momwe mungayendetsere chilengedwe chamadzi tidzakambirana m'nkhani zamtsogolo.