Zvikuru Zvinosvibisa muMvura yeAquaculture uye Migumisiro Yazvo paMhuka dzeMumvura

Kune aquaculture, kutonga zvinosvibisa mumadziva ekurera inyaya yakakosha. Zvakajairwa zvinosvibisa mumvura yeaquaculture zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvine nitrogenous uye phosphorus compounds. Nitrogenous zvinhu zvinosanganisira ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, yakanyungudika nitrogen nitrogen, pakati pezvimwe. Mishonga yePhosphorus inosanganisira reactive phosphates uye organic phosphorus. Chinyorwa ichi chinoongorora zvinokonzeresa zvinosvibisa mumvura yemumvura uye maitiro azvo pamhuka dzemumvura. Ngatitangei titarise dhayagiramu rakareruka kuti rive nyore kurangarira uye kunzwisisa.

Pasi apa tichapa tsanangudzo dzakananga.

Ammonia nitrogen ndeimwe yezvinosvibisa zvakanyanya mumvura yemvura, inogadzirwa zvakanyanya kubva mukuora kwechikafu chakasara uye zvigadzirwa zvemetabolism yemhuka dzemumvura mumvura. Kuunganidzwa kweammonia nitrogen muhurongwa kunogona kukuvadza epidermal tishu uye magill ehove, kukanganisa biological enzyme basa system. Kunyangwe kudzika kwakadzika kweammonia nitrogen (> 1 mg/L) kunogona kuve nehuturu pamhuka dzemumvura, kunyanya iyo ine muchetura isiri-ionized ammonia, inogona kukonzera kukuvara pakudzika kwakanyanya. Kuwedzera kuwanda kweammonia nitrogen mumhoteredzo kunotungamirawo kuderedzwa kwenitrogenous excretion nezvisikwa zvemumvura, kuderedza kunwa kwavo kwezvinhu zvine ammonia, zvichizokanganisa kukura uye kukura kwemhuka dzemumvura. Yakanyanya kuwanda yeammonia nitrogen mumhoteredzo inogonawo kukanganisa chiyero cheosmotic chemhuka dzemumvura, zvichikonzera kudzikiswa kwekutamisa mweya weokisijeni uye kusakwanisa kuburitsa zvinhu zvine chepfu kubva mumiviri yavo. Tsvagiridzo zhinji dzemumba neyekunze nezve kurapwa kwemvura yemvura inotarisa pakurapa kweammonia nitrogen.

Nitrite mu aquaculture inonyanya chigadzirwa chepakati chinogadzirwa panguva ye nitrification kana denitrification maitiro. Inogona kupinda mumuviri kuburikidza nemagill emhuka dzeaquaculture uye kuderedza iyo oksijeni-inotakura kugona kwehemoglobin muropa ravo, zvichikonzera hypoxia uye kufa mumhuka dzemvura. Izvo zvakakosha kuti ticherechedze kuunganidzwa kwenitrite mumiviri yemvura, kunyanya mumasisitimu achangobva kushandiswa, ayo anogona kuve nehuturu hwehupfu pane zvipenyu zvemumvura.

Nitrate ine muchetura wakaderera kuhove, nekudaro hapana chaiyo yekumisa muganhu, asi kuwanda kwepamusoro kunogona kukanganisa kuravira kwezvigadzirwa zvemumvura. Nitrate nitrogen panguva ye denitrification maitiro anogona zvakare kuburitsa nitrous nitrogen, inogona kuva muchetura kune zvipenyu zvemumvura. Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvakaratidza kuti kuunganidzwa kwenitrate nitrogen kunogona kukonzera kukura zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvirwere muzvisikwa zvemumvura. Zvinowanzotendwa kuti munguva yesalmon aquaculture, nitrate mazinga mumvura anofanira kuchengetwa pasi pe7.9 mg/L. Nokudaro, mukugadzirisa mvura yemvura, kuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwenitrogen hakufaniri kutendeuka neupofu kuva nitrate nitrogen chete, uye kufunga kunofanirawo kupiwa kubviswa kwenitrate nitrogen.

Yakanyungudutswa organic nitrogen mumvura yeaquaculture inonyanya kubva kune zvakasara zvekudya, excreta, uye metabolic zvigadzirwa zvezvipenyu zvemumvura. Yakanyungudutswa organic nitrogen mumvura yemumvura ine chimiro chakareruka, yakanaka biodegradability, uye inogona kushandiswa zviri nyore nehutachiona, kuwana yakanaka yekubvisa kushanda kuburikidza neyakajairwa biological kurapwa maitiro. Kana huwandu hwe organic nitrogen mumvura husina kukwirira, hune zvishoma zvinokanganisa zvipenyu zvemumvura. Nekudaro, kana organic nitrogen ichiungana kusvika pamwero wakati, inogona kukurudzira kuwanda kwepathogenic uye inokuvadza tupukanana, kushatisa kunaka kwemvura uye kukonzera zvirwere uye rufu muzvisikwa zvemumvura.

Active phosphates mune aqueous mhinduro inogona kuvapo mune mafomu akadai PO3- 4, HPO2- 4, H₂PO- 4 uye H₃PO₄, nehuwandu hwavo hunoenderana (kugovera coefficients) zvakasiyana nepH. Inogona kushandiswa zvakananga nealgae, mabhakitiriya, uye zvidyarwa. Active phosphates ine zvishoma kukuvadza kwakananga kuhove asi inogona kukurudzira kukura kwakakura kwealgae uye bhakitiriya mumvura, ichipedza oxygen uye kukanganisa kukura kwehove. Kubviswa kwephosphates kubva mumvura yemvura kunonyanya kutsamira pakunaya kwemakemikari uye adsorption. Kunaya kwemakemikari kunosanganisira kuwedzera makemikari emumvura kumvura kuti agadzire phosphate precipitates kuburikidza nemakemikari emvura inonaya, inoteverwa neflocculation uye kupatsanurwa kwakasimba-mvura kubvisa phosphates kubva mumvura. Adsorption inoshandisa adsorbents ane nzvimbo dzakakura dzepamusoro uye mapores akawanda kubvumira phosphorus mumvura yakasviba kuti iite ion exchange, coordination complex, electrostatic adsorption, uye pamusoro pemvura inonaya, nekudaro ichibvisa phosphorus kubva mumvura.

Fosforasi yese inoreva huwandu hwe phosphorus inonyungudika uye chidimbu che phosphorus. Soluble phosphorus mumvura inogona kukamurwazve kuita soluble organic phosphorus uye soluble inorganic phosphorus, ine soluble inorganic phosphorus inonyanya kuvepo muchimiro cheanoshanda phosphates. Particulate phosphorous inoreva mafomu ephosphorus aripo pamusoro kana mukati mezvimedu zvakaturikwa mumvura, izvo zvinowanzoomera mhuka dzemumvura kushandisa zvakananga. Particulate organic phosphorus inonyanya kuwanikwa mumaserura matishu uye organic marara ezvinyama zvemumvura, nepo inorganic phosphorus inonyanya kuisa pamaminerari evhu akamiswa.

Muchidimbu, basa rinonyanya kukosha mu aquaculture nderekugadzirisa mamiriro emvura yemvura, tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzira mhepo yakadzikama yemvura, nokudaro kuderedza kurasikirwa uye kuwedzera hupfumi hwehupfumi. Maitiro ekugadzirisa mamiriro emvura achaongororwa mune zvinyorwa zvinotevera.