IziNgcolisi Eziphambili kuManzi eAquaculture kunye neziphumo zazo kwizilwanyana zasemanzini

Kwinkcubeko yasemanzini, ukulawula izinto ezingcolisa indalo ekukhuliseni amachibi yinkxalabo ebalulekileyo. Ungcoliseko oluqhelekileyo kumanzi e-aquaculture luquka izinto ezinenitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus compounds. Izinto ze-nitrojeni ziquka i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrite nitrogen, i-nitrojeni ye-nitrate, i-nitrogen enyibilikisiweyo, phakathi kwezinye. Iikhompawundi ze-Phosphorus ziquka i-phosphates esebenzayo kunye ne-organic phosphorus. Eli nqaku liphonononga ungcoliseko oluphambili kumanzi e-aquaculture kunye neempembelelo zabo kwizilwanyana zasemanzini. Masiqale sijonge umzobo owenziwe lula ukuze kube lula ukunkqaya kunye nokuqonda.

Ngezantsi siza kunika iinkcazo ezithile.

I-ammonia nitrogen yenye yezona zinto zingcolisa amanzi kwi-aquaculture, eveliswa ikakhulu ekuboleni kokutya okushiyekileyo kunye neemveliso zemetabolism yezilwanyana zasemanzini emanzini. Ukuqokelela i-ammonia nitrogen kwinkqubo kunokonakalisa izicubu ze-epidermal kunye neegill zentlanzi, ukuphazamisa inkqubo ye-enzyme ye-biological. Noxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-ammonia nitrogen (>1 mg/L) lunokuba neziphumo eziyityhefu kwizilwanyana zasemanzini, ngakumbi i-ammonia engeyona i-ionized eyityhefu, enokubangela umonakalo kwindawo ephantsi kakhulu. Ukwanda koxinzelelo lwe-ammonia nitrogen kwimekobume nako kukhokelela ekuncitshisweni kokukhutshelwa kwenitrogen yizinto eziphila emanzini, ukunciphisa ukutyiwa kwazo kwezinto ezine-ammonia, ekugqibeleni zichaphazela ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezilwanyana zasemanzini. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-ammonia nitrogen kwindawo engqongileyo inokuchaphazela ukulungelelana kwe-osmotic yezilwanyana zasemanzini, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni umthamo wokuhambisa ioksijini kunye nokungakwazi ukukhupha izinto eziyityhefu emizimbeni yazo. Uninzi lophando lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe kunyango lwamanzi e-aquaculture lugxile kunyango lwe-ammonia nitrogen.

I-nitrite kwi-aquaculture ikakhulu yimveliso ephakathi eyenziwa ngexesha le-nitrification okanye iinkqubo ze-denitrification. Inokungena emzimbeni ngeegill zezilwanyana zasemanzini kunye nokunciphisa amandla okuthwala ioksijini ye-hemoglobin egazini labo, kubangele i-hypoxia kunye nokufa kwizilwanyana zasemanzini. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuqokelelwa kwe-nitrite emanzini, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezisanda kusetyenziswa, ezinokuthi zibe nemiphumo eyityhefu kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

I-Nitrate inetyhefu ephantsi kakhulu kwiintlanzi, kungoko akukho mida yoxinaniso, kodwa ukugxila okuphezulu kunokuchaphazela incasa yeemveliso zasemanzini. Initrogen ye-nitrojeni ngexesha leenkqubo ze-denitrification inokuvelisa i-nitrous nitrogen, enokuba yityhefu kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Iingxelo zoncwadi zibonise ukuba ukuqokelelana kwe-nitrate yenitrogen kunokukhokelela ekukhuleni okucothayo kunye nezifo kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba ngexesha le-salmon yasemanzini, amanqanaba e-nitrate emanzini kufuneka agcinwe ngaphantsi kwe-7.9 mg/L. Ngoko ke, kwinkqubo yokunyanga amanzi e-aquaculture, iinguqu ezahlukeneyo ze-nitrogen akufanele ziguqule ngokungaboniyo kwi-nitrojeni ye-nitrate yodwa, kwaye kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukususwa kwe-nitrate nitrogen.

Initrogen eyinitrogen enyityilisiweyo kumanzi okulima emanzini isuka ikakhulu kwintsalela yesondlo, ilindle, kunye neemveliso zemetabolism yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Initrogen eyi-organic enyibilikisiweyo kumanzi e-aquaculture inesakhiwo esilula, i-biodegradability elungileyo, kwaye inokusetyenziswa ngokulula zii-microorganisms, iphumeza impumelelo elungileyo yokususa ngeenkqubo zonyango lwebhayoloji eqhelekileyo. Xa i-nitrogen ye-organic emanzini ingekho phezulu, inempembelelo encinci kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Nangona kunjalo, xa initrogen ephilayo iqokelelana ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, inokukhuthaza ukwanda kwe-pathogenic kunye ne-microorganisms eyingozi, ukuwohloka komgangatho wamanzi kwaye kubangele izifo kunye nokufa kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

Iiphosphates ezisebenzayo kwizisombululo ezinamanzi zinokubakho kwiifom ezifana ne-PO3- 4, HPO2-4, H₂PO- 4 kunye H₃PO₄, kunye nomlinganiselo wabo ohambelanayo (i-coefficients yokusabalalisa) ehluka nge-pH. Zingasetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo yi-algae, ibhaktheriya kunye nezityalo. I-phosphates esebenzayo inomonakalo omncinci othe ngqo kwiintlanzi kodwa inokukhuthaza ukukhula okubanzi kwe-algae kunye neebhaktheriya emanzini, isitya ioksijini kunye nokuphazamisa ukukhula kweentlanzi. Ukususwa kwee-phosphates kumanzi e-aquaculture ikakhulu kuxhomekeke kwimvula yeekhemikhali kunye nokufakwa kwi-adsorption. Imvula yekhemikhali ibandakanya ukongeza ii-agent zeekhemikhali emanzini ukuze zenze i-phosphate precipitates ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokuwisa iikhemikhali, ezilandelwa kukuntlitheka kunye nokwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo ukususa iphosphates emanzini. I-Adsorption isebenzisa i-adsorbents eneendawo ezinkulu ezingaphezulu kunye neepores ezininzi ukuvumela i-phosphorus emanzini amdaka ukuba itshintshe i-ion, ukudibanisa ukudibanisa, i-electrostatic adsorption, kunye nokuphendula kwemvula, ngaloo ndlela isusa i-phosphorus emanzini.

Iyonke i-phosphorus ibhekisa kwisixa se-phosphorus enyibilikayo kunye ne-particle phosphorus. Iphosphorus enyibilikayo emanzini inokwahlulwa kwakhona ibe yiphosphorus enyibilikayo yeorganic kunye nephosphorus enyibilikayo ye-inorganic phosphorus, ene-soluble inorganic phosphorus ekhoyo ikakhulu ngohlobo lwephosphates esebenzayo. I-particle phosphorus ibhekisa kwiifom ze-phosphorus ezikhoyo kumphezulu okanye ngaphakathi kwamasuntswana anqunyanyiswayo emanzini, akholisa ukuba nzima ukuba izilwanyana zasemanzini zikwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo. Inxalenye ye-phosphorus ye-organic ifumaneka ikakhulu kwizicubu zeseli kunye nobutyobo bezinto eziphilayo zenyama yezilwanyana zasemanzini, ngelixa i-phosphorus ye-inorganic phosphorus ikakhulu ibhengeza kwiiminerali zodongwe ezinqunyanyisiweyo.

Isishwankathelo, owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo kwi-aquaculture kukulawula ummandla wamanzi e-aquaculture, ukuqwalasela izinto ezahlukeneyo zokudala ukulungelelana kokusingqongileyo kwamanzi, ngokunciphisa ilahleko kunye nokwandisa inzuzo yezoqoqosho. Indlela yokulawula indawo yamanzi iya kuhlalutywa kumanqaku azayo.