Izinto Ezingcolisayo Eziyinhloko Emanzini Ezilwane Zasemanzini kanye Nemiphumela Yazo Ezilwaneni Zasemanzini

Ezolimo zasemanzini, ukuphatha izinto ezingcolisayo ekukhuliseni amachibi kuwukukhathazeka okubalulekile. Izinto ezingcolisayo ezivamile emanzini e-aquaculture zihlanganisa izinto ezine-nitrogen kanye ne-phosphorus compounds. Izinto ze-nitrogen zihlanganisa i-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrite nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, i-nitrogen organic encibilikisiwe, phakathi kwabanye. Izinhlanganisela ze-Phosphorus zihlanganisa ama-phosphates asebenzayo kanye ne-organic phosphorus. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukungcola okuyinhloko emanzini e-aquaculture kanye nomthelela wako ezilwaneni zasemanzini. Ake siqale sibheke umdwebo owenziwe lula ukuze kube lula ukuwubamba ngekhanda nokuqonda.

Ngezansi sizonikeza izincazelo eziqondile.

I-ammonia nitrogen ingenye yezinto ezingcolisayo eziyinhloko emanzini e-aquaculture, ekhiqizwa kakhulu ngokubola kwensalela yokudla kanye nemikhiqizo ye-metabolic yezilwane zasemanzini emanzini. Ukunqwabelana kwe-ammonia nitrogen ohlelweni kungalimaza izicubu ze-epidermal kanye nama-gill ezinhlanzi, kuphazamise uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-enzyme ye-biological. Ngisho nokugxila okuphansi kwe-ammonia nitrogen (>1 mg/L) kungaba nemiphumela enobuthi ezilwaneni zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi i-ammonia engeyona i-ionized enobuthi, engabangela umonakalo ekugxilweni okuphansi kakhulu. Ukwanda kokugxila kwe-ammonia nitrogen endaweni nakho kuholela ekuncishisweni kwe-nitrogenous eziphilayo zasemanzini, kunciphisa ukumunca kwazo izinto ezine-ammonia, ekugcineni kuthinte ukukhula okuvamile nokuthuthuka kwezilwane zasemanzini. Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-ammonia nitrogen endaweni nakho kungathinta ibhalansi ye-osmotic yezilwane zasemanzini, okuholela ekunciphiseni umthamo wokudlulisa umoya-mpilo kanye nokungakwazi ukukhipha izinto ezinobuthi emizimbeni yazo. Ucwaningo oluningi lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokwelashwa kwamanzi e-aquaculture lugxile ekwelashweni kwe-ammonia nitrogen.

I-Nitrite ku-aquaculture iwumkhiqizo ophakathi nendawo okhiqizwa phakathi nezinqubo ze-nitrification noma i-denitrification. Ingangena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa izimbotshana zezilwane zasemanzini futhi inciphise amandla okuthwala umoya-mpilo we-hemoglobin egazini lazo, ibangele i-hypoxia nokufa ezilwaneni zasemanzini. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukunqwabelana kwe-nitrite emanzini, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezisanda kusetshenziswa, ezingaba nemiphumela enobuthi ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini.

I-Nitrate inobuthi obuncane ezinhlanzini, ngakho-ke awukho umkhawulo othize wokugxila, kodwa ukugxila okuphezulu kungathinta ukunambitheka kwemikhiqizo yasemanzini. I-Nitrate nitrogen ngesikhathi sezinqubo ze-denitrification ingaphinda ikhiqize i-nitrous nitrogen, engaba yingozi ezintweni eziphila emanzini. Imibiko yezincwadi ibonise ukuthi ukuqoqwa kwe-nitrate nitrogen kungaholela ekukhuleni kancane kanye nezifo ezilwaneni zasemanzini. Ngokuvamile kunenkolelo yokuthi ngesikhathi sokufuywa kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini, amazinga e-nitrate emanzini kufanele agcinwe ngaphansi kuka-7.9 mg/L. Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lokwelapha amanzi e-aquaculture, ukuguqulwa kwe-nitrogen okuhlukahlukene akufanele kuguqulwe ngokungaboni ku-nitrate nitrogen kuphela, futhi kufanele kucatshangelwe ukususwa kwe-nitrate nitrogen.

I-nitrogen ye-organic encibilikisiwe emanzini e-aquaculture ikakhulukazi isuka ekudleni okuyinsalela, indle, kanye nemikhiqizo ye-metabolic yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. I-nitrogen ye-organic encibilikisiwe emanzini e-aquaculture inesakhiwo esilula, ukubola okuhle kwe-biodegradability, futhi ingasetshenziswa kalula ngamagciwane, kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle kokususa ngezinqubo ezivamile zokwelashwa kwebhayoloji. Uma i-nitrogen yemvelo emanzini ingekho phezulu, iba nomthelela omncane ezintweni eziphila emanzini. Kodwa-ke, lapho i-nitrogen ephilayo inqwabelana ngezinga elithile, ingakhuthaza ukwanda kwama-microorganisms ayingozi kanye ne-pathogenic, yonakalise izinga lamanzi futhi ibangele izifo nokufa ezilwaneni zasemanzini.

Ama-phosphates asebenzayo ezixazululweni ezinamanzi angase abe khona ngamafomu afana ne-PO3- 4, HPO2-4, H₂PO- 4 kanye H₃PO₄, ngezilinganiso zawo ezilinganiselwe (ama-coefficients wokusabalalisa) ahluka nge-pH. Zingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile yi-algae, amabhaktheriya, nezitshalo. Ama-phosphates asebenzayo anomonakalo omncane oqondile ezinhlanzini kodwa angakhuthaza ukukhula okubanzi kolwelwe namagciwane emanzini, adle umoya-mpilo futhi akhinyabeze ukukhula kwezinhlanzi. Ukususwa kwama-phosphates emanzini e-aquaculture kuncike kakhulu emvuleni wamakhemikhali kanye nokukhangisa. Imvula yamakhemikhali ihlanganisa ukungeza izinto zamakhemikhali emanzini ukuze zenze i-phosphate precipitate ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokuna kwamakhemikhali, okulandelwa ukugeleza nokuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile ukuze kukhishwe ama-phosphates emanzini. I-Adsorption isebenzisa ama-adsorbent anezindawo ezinkulu ezingaphezulu kanye nezimbotshana eziningi ukuvumela i-phosphorus emanzini angcolile ukuthi ishintshisane nge-ion, ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa, i-electrostatic adsorption, kanye nokuphendula kwezulu, ngaleyo ndlela isuse i-phosphorus emanzini.

Ingqikithi ye-phosphorus isho isamba se-phosphorus encibilikayo ne-particle phosphorus. I-phosphorus encibilikayo emanzini ingaphinde ihlukaniswe ibe yi-phosphorus e-organic encibilikayo kanye ne-phosphorus ye-inorganic encibilikayo, ne-phosphorus ye-inorganic encibilikayo ikakhulukazi ekhona ngendlela yama-phosphates asebenzayo. I-particle phosphorus ibhekisela kumafomu e-phosphorus akhona phezulu noma ngaphakathi kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe emanzini, ngokuvamile okunzima ukuthi izilwane zasemanzini ziyisebenzise ngokuqondile. Izinhlayiya ze-organic phosphorus zitholakala ikakhulukazi ezicutshini zamangqamuzana kanye nemfucumfucu yezinto eziphilayo zezicubu zezilwane zasemanzini, kuyilapho izinhlayiya ze-phosphorus ezingaphili ikakhulukazi zikhanga kumaminerali obumba amisiwe.

Kafushane, umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ekulimeni kwezilwane zasemanzini ukulawula imvelo yamanzi ye-aquaculture, kucatshangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene ukuze kwakhiwe indawo yamanzi elinganayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa nokwandisa izinzuzo zezomnotho. Indlela yokulawula imvelo yamanzi izohlaziywa ezihlokweni ezizayo.